Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery (CABG)

Before undergoing bypass surgery, patients go through a detailed medical evaluation to assess heart function and overall health. This includes diagnostic tests such as ECG, echocardiography, blood investigations, and coronary angiography to identify the extent and location of blockages. Doctors also review existing medical conditions like diabetes, hypertension, or kidney disease to minimize surgical risks. Patients are advised to stop smoking, follow dietary restrictions, and avoid certain medications such as blood thinners before surgery. Fasting is required for several hours prior to the procedure. In addition, psychological preparation plays an important role, as understanding the surgery helps reduce anxiety and ensures better cooperation during recovery.

On the day of the procedure, the patient is admitted and prepared in the preoperative area. An intravenous line is inserted to administer medications and fluids, and monitoring devices are attached to track vital signs throughout the surgery. The procedure is performed under general anesthesia, ensuring the patient remains asleep and pain-free. The surgeon makes an incision along the chest and opens the breastbone to access the heart. In most cases, a heart-lung machine is used to maintain blood circulation while the heart is temporarily stopped. A healthy blood vessel—commonly taken from the leg, chest, or arm—is then grafted onto the coronary artery beyond the blockage. This creates a new route for blood to flow to the heart muscle. Depending on the number of blockages, multiple grafts may be placed. Once the grafting is complete, the heart is restarted, and the chest is carefully closed.

After surgery, the patient is moved to the intensive care unit (ICU) for close monitoring. During this phase, vital parameters such as heart rate, blood pressure, and oxygen levels are continuously observed. Patients may initially require ventilator support, which is usually removed within a few hours once stable. Pain management, wound care, and infection prevention are key aspects of postoperative care. Patients are gradually encouraged to sit, stand, and walk within a few days, as early mobilization helps prevent complications and speeds up recovery. Medications are prescribed to manage pain, prevent blood clots, and support heart function.