Angioplasty (Percutaneous Coronary Intervention – PCI)

Before angioplasty, patients undergo detailed evaluation to confirm the presence and severity of arterial blockages. This typically includes diagnostic tests such as ECG, blood tests, and coronary angiography. These assessments help the cardiologist determine the exact location of the blockage and plan the procedure accordingly. The patient's medical history is reviewed, including conditions such as diabetes, hypertension, or kidney disease. Certain medications, especially blood thinners, may be adjusted prior to the procedure. Patients are usually advised to fast for several hours before surgery. The insertion site, typically the wrist or groin, is prepared and sterilized. Proper counseling ensures that patients understand the procedure and feel comfortable before undergoing treatment.

On the day of the procedure, the patient is taken to a specialized catheterization laboratory. Local anesthesia is administered at the insertion site, allowing the patient to remain awake while ensuring comfort throughout the procedure. A thin catheter is inserted into a blood vessel and guided toward the blocked artery. Once the blockage is reached, a small balloon at the tip of the catheter is inflated. This compresses the plaque against the artery walls and widens the passage for blood flow. In most cases, a stent is placed at the site to keep the artery open and prevent re-narrowing. The procedure typically takes between 30 minutes and 2 hours, depending on the complexity. Patients may feel mild pressure during balloon inflation, but it is generally well tolerated.

After angioplasty, patients are monitored in a recovery area where vital signs such as heart rate, blood pressure, and oxygen levels are closely observed. The catheter is removed, and pressure is applied to the insertion site to prevent bleeding. Patients are usually able to sit and walk within a few hours if the procedure is done through the wrist. In cases where the groin is used, patients may need to remain lying flat for a few hours. Most patients are discharged within 24 to 48 hours. Medications, including antiplatelet drugs, are prescribed to prevent blood clots and ensure the stent remains open. Patients are advised to follow a heart-healthy lifestyle, including proper diet, regular exercise, and avoidance of smoking, to maintain long-term benefits.